Treatment of a cystocele in a female dog 3 days after whelping.

A case of a cystocele is reported in a 3-year-old intact female Doberman pinscher. The urinary bladder and vaginal body were reduced within the abdominal cavity and secured by cystopexy and cervicopexy allowing the uterus and ovaries to be spared. This is the first report describing the surgery for a cystocele in a young female dog 3 days after whelping, with sparing of the reproductive tract. Key clinical message: This is the first report to describe a cystocele in a young intact female dog after whelping with sparing of the female reproductive tract.

Traitement d'une cystocèle chez une chienne 3 jours après la mise bas. Un cas de cystocèle est rapporté chez une femelle Doberman pinscher intacte de 3 ans. La vessie et le corps vaginal ont été réduits dans la cavité abdominale et sécurisés par cystopexie et cervicopexie permettant d'épargner l'utérus et les ovaires. Il s'agit du premier rapport décrivant la chirurgie d'une cystocèle chez une jeune chienne trois jours après la mise bas, avec préservation de l'appareil reproducteur.Message clinique clé :Il s'agit du premier rapport décrivant une cystocèle chez une jeune chienne intacte après mise bas avec préservation de l'appareil reproducteur femelle.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Sonoporation of Immune Cells: Heterogeneous Impact on Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Granulocytes.

Microbubble-mediated ultrasound (MB-US) can be used to realize sonoporation and, in turn, facilitate the transfection of leukocytes in the immune system. Nevertheless, the bio-effects that can be induced by MB-US exposure on leukocytes have not been adequately studied, particularly for different leukocyte lineage subsets with distinct cytological characteristics. Here, we describe how that same set of MB-US exposure conditions would induce heterogeneous bio-effects on the three main leukocyte subsets: lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. MB-US exposure was delivered by applying 1-MHz pulsed ultrasound (0.50-MPa peak negative pressure, 10% duty cycle, 30-s exposure period) in the presence of microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio); sonoporated and non-viable leukocytes were respectively labeled using calcein and propidium iodide. Flow cytometry was then performed to classify leukocytes into their corresponding subsets and to analyze each subset's post-exposure viability, sonoporation rate, uptake characteristics and morphology. Results revealed that, when subjected to MB-US exposure, granulocytes experienced the highest loss of viability (64.0 ± 11.0%) and the lowest sonoporation rate (6.3 ± 2.5%), despite maintaining their size and granularity. In contrast, lymphocytes exhibited the lowest loss of viability (20.9 ± 7.0%), while monocytes had the highest sonoporation rate (24.1 ± 13.6%). For these two sonoporated leukocyte subsets, their cell size and granularity were found to be reduced. Also, they exhibited graded levels of calcein uptake, whereas sonoporated granulocytes achieved only mild calcein uptake. These heterogeneous bio-effects should be accounted for when using MB-US and sonoporation in immunomodulation applications.

Effect of lifelong sucrose consumption at human-relevant levels on food intake and body composition of C57BL/6N mice.

Introduction: Controversies surround the issue if chronic consumption of a high-sugar diet is detrimental to health or not. This study investigates whether lifelong consumption of a higher sucrose diet will induce overeating, and obesity, and cause metabolic dysfunctions such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidaemia in C57BL/6N mice, compared to a lower sucrose diet. Methods: Male C57BL/6N mice at 3 weeks of age were randomized into consuming a diet with 25 or 10% kcal from sucrose for the rest of their lives. Body weight, food and water intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were measured at regular intervals. At the end of the study, organs and tissues were collected and gene expression was measured. Results: There was no discernible difference in the impact on food intake, body composition, glucose and lipid homeostasis, liver triglyceride content, life expectancy, as well as gene expression related to intermediary metabolism between mice fed a diet with 10 vs. 25% kcal as sucrose over their lifespan. We also showed that switching from a 25% kcal diet to a 10% kcal diet at different life stages, or vice versa, did not appear to affect these outcomes of interest. Discussion: The results from our study suggest that lifelong consumption of a higher sugar diet generally did not induce overeating and obesity, disrupt carbohydrate metabolism and lipid homeostasis, and reduce life expectancy compared with a lower sugar diet. Our unorthodox findings disagreed with the popular belief that higher sugar consumption is detrimental to health, which should be confirmed in future studies.

Evaluating the Feasibility and Efficacy of a Dual-Modality Nanoparticle Contrast Agent (Nanotrast-CF800) for Image-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in the Oral Cavity of Healthy Dogs.

A combination of pre and intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping techniques have been suggested to optimize SLN detection. A novel liposomal nanoparticle, Nanotrast-CF800 (CF800), utilizes computed tomography lymphography (CTL) and near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) for image-guided surgery and SLN mapping. This novel tracer agent has not been evaluated in companion animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of CF800 for SLN mapping in the oral cavity of healthy dogs and to report any local adverse effects. Six healthy adult purpose-bred research dogs randomly received either 1 mL (group 1) or 2 mL (group 2) of CF800 injected into the submucosa at the level of the right canine maxillary tooth. CTL and percutaneous NIRF were performed at 1, 3, and 10 min, then 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 days post-injection (p.i). Overall, both CTL and NIRF identified SLNs in all dogs. The overall peak mean contrast enhancement of the SLNs was 73.98 HU (range 63.45-86.27 HU) at 2 days p.i. Peak fluorescence of the SLN occurred at 1 day p.i. The agent was retained within the SLN for at least 7 days for CTL and 4 days for percutaneous NIRF. No adverse effects were observed. Local administration of CF800 was simple and feasible for the detection of SLNs using CTL+NIRF in the head and neck of healthy dogs and was not associated with significant local adverse events.

Sonoporation generates downstream cellular impact after membrane resealing.

Sonoporation via microbubble-mediated ultrasound exposure has shown potential in drug and gene delivery. However, there is a general lack of mechanistic knowledge on sonoporation-induced cellular impact after membrane resealing, and this issue has made it challenging to apply sonoporation efficiently in practice. Here, we present new evidence on how sonoporation, without endangering immediate cell viability, may disrupt downstream cellular hemostasis in ways that are distinguished from the bioeffects observed in other sonicated and unsonoporated cells. Sonoporation was realized on HL-60 leukemia cells by delivering pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz frequency, 0.50 MPa peak negative pressure; 10% duty cycle; 30 s exposure period; 29.1 J/cm2 acoustic energy density) in the presence of lipid-shelled microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio). Results showed that 54.6% of sonoporated cells, despite remaining initially viable, underwent apoptosis or necrosis at 24 h after sonoporation. Anti-proliferation behavior was also observed in sonoporated cells as their subpopulation size was reduced by 43.8% over 24 h. Preceding these cytotoxic events, the percentages of sonoporated cells in different cell cycle phases were found to be altered by 12 h after exposure. As well, for sonoporated cells, their expressions of cytoprotective genes in the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) family were upregulated by at least 4.1 fold at 3 h after exposure. Taken altogether, these findings indicate that sonoporated cells attempted to restore homeostasis after membrane resealing, but many of them ultimately failed to recover. Such mechanistic knowledge should be taken into account to devise more efficient sonoporation-mediated therapeutic protocols.

Determining agreement between preoperative computed tomography lymphography and indocyanine green near infrared fluorescence intraoperative imaging for sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with oral tumours.

Lymphatic drainage from the head and neck is variable with significant crossover, therefore sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping can help ensure the appropriate lymph node(s) are sampled. To improve sensitivity, SLN mapping utilizing multiple modalities and a combination of preoperative computed tomography lymphography (CTL) and intraoperative near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) with indocyanine green (ICG) +/- methylene blue (MB) dye has been suggested. The aim of this study was to describe a method for intraoperative ICG lymphography and determine agreement for SLN detection using preoperative CTL and intraoperative ICG NIRF + MB lymphography (IOL) in dogs with oral tumours. Fourteen client-owned dogs were included. All dogs had preoperative CTL with iodinated contrast and intraoperative IOL with an exoscope. Lymph nodes with CTL contrast-enhancement, blue staining or fluorescence were considered sentinel. The overall SLN identification rate was 100% when CTL and IOL were combined. A total of 57 SLNs were identified. Indocyanine green NIRF identified a greater proportion of SLNs (91%; 52/57) compared with MB (50.8%; 29/57) and CTL (42.1%; 24/57). Eighteen SLNs were identified by all three modalities with a fair level of agreement using Fleiss kappa. These findings suggest a combination of preoperative CTL with intraoperative SLN mapping techniques may greatly improve the ability to accurately detect the SLN in dogs with oral tumours.

Flash Glucose Monitoring Can Accurately Reflect Postprandial Glucose Changes in Healthy Adults in Nutrition Studies.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the accuracy of a flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) in a postprandial setting. METHODS: Ten fasted adults without diabetes wore the FGMS sensors then consumed a standard breakfast. Their glucose levels were subsequently recorded for 2 hours, both by the FGMS and by measuring capillary glucose levels using the glucose oxidase method. The accuracy of the FGMS data was assessed using the accuracy limits stated in ISO 15197:2013. RESULTS: FGMS measurements were mostly lower than glucose oxidase measurements (mean absolute relative difference ± SD: 25.4 ± 17.0%, p < 0.001). However, the maximum difference from baseline captured by the two methods was not significantly different (mean ± SD, glucose oxidase: 58.5 ± 18.9 mg/dl; FGMS, 54.4 ± 28.9 mg/dl, p = 0.366). CONCLUSIONS: FGMS could track the incremental glycaemic excursions after meals in adults without diabetes, yet further studies with greater sample sizes are needed to confirm this finding.

The Association Between Coffee Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous meta-analyses that found an inverse association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome pooled data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, which could lead to potentially misleading conclusions. Hence, this work aimed to reassess this association by analyzing data from the 2 types of studies separately and including recent studies. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, and Science Direct were searched for relevant studies published up to July 2020. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included if published after 1999, reported both effect estimates and CIs, and presented results adjusted for confounding variables. Data of the highest coffee consumption level in each study, as well as those of medium consumption levels in studies with ≥3 consumption categories, were pooled using random-effect models, with sex-stratified and sex-adjusted results being analyzed separately. Results were obtained based on data from 13 cross-sectional studies involving 280,803 participants and 2 longitudinal studies involving 17,014 participants. The overall sex-adjusted association of the highest consumption level was not significant (n = 9 studies; OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.10; I2: 91.5%) and the 2 longitudinal studies both yielded no association. Subgroup analysis revealed inverse associations in both males and females, as well as in Caucasians with medium coffee consumption (n = 4 studies, OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93; I2: 0%). Although residual confounding could affect the results of this meta-analysis, our findings suggested with a low certainty that coffee consumption may not be associated with metabolic syndrome, a finding that is different from those of previous meta-analyses and could be due to variation in characteristics of study participants. More longitudinal studies are also needed to further assess the temporal association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome. This meta-analysis was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018110650.

Laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for the treatment of giant kidney worm infection in 2 dogs.

One male and one female dog were presented with giant kidney worm infection in the right kidney. Infection was identified through visualization of intra-renal Dioctophyme renale on abdominal ultrasound. Both dogs underwent right-sided laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for treatment of the giant kidney worm infection. Additional adult worms were extirpated from the peritoneal cavity of both dogs. Both dogs recovered without complication from anesthesia and surgery and were discharged within 24 hours after surgery. Laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy has not previously been described for the treatment of giant kidney worm infection in North America.

Urétéro-néphrectomie laparoscopique pour le traitement d'une infection par le ver géant du rein chez deux chiens. Un chien mâle et un chien femelle furent présentés avec une infection par le ver géant du rein dans le rein droit. L'infection fut identifiée par visualisation de Dioctophyme renale intra-rénal par échographie abdominale. Les deux chiens furent soumis à une urétéro-néphrectomie laparoscopique pour le traitement de l'infection par le ver géant du rein. Des vers adultes additionnels furent retirés de la cavité péritonéale des deux chiens. Les deux chiens ont récupéré sans complication de l'anesthésie et de la chirurgie et ont obtenu leur congé en moins de 24 h après la chirurgie. L'urétéro-néphrectomie laparoscopique n'avait pas encore été décrite en Amérique du Nord pour le traitement de l'infection par le ver géant du rein.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Consuming decaffeinated coffee with milk and sugar added before a high-glycaemic index meal improves postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy adults.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of drinking different types of coffee before a high-glycaemic index (GI) meal on postprandial glucose metabolism and to assess the effects of adding milk and sugar into coffee. In this randomised, crossover, acute feeding study, apparently healthy adults (n 21) consumed the test drink followed by a high-GI meal in each session. Different types of coffee (espresso, instant, boiled and decaffeinated, all with milk and sugar) and plain water were tested in separate sessions, while a subset of the participants (n 10) completed extra sessions using black coffees. Postprandial levels of glucose, insulin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and nitrotyrosine between different test drinks were compared using linear mixed models. Results showed that only preloading decaffeinated coffee with milk and sugar led to significantly lower glucose incremental AUC (iAUC; 14 % lower, P = 0·001) than water. Preloading black coffees led to greater postprandial glucose iAUC than preloading coffees with milk and sugar added (12-35 % smaller, P < 0·05 for all coffee types). Active GLP-1 and nitrotyrosine levels were not significantly different between test drinks. To conclude, preloading decaffeinated coffee with milk and sugar led to a blunted postprandial glycaemic response after a subsequent high-GI meal, while adding milk and sugar into coffee could mitigate the impairment effect of black coffee towards postprandial glucose responses. These findings may partly explain the positive effects of coffee consumption on glucose metabolism.

Cellular Bioeffect Investigations on Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Sonoporation: Platform Design and Flow Cytometry Protocol.

At low-intensity levels, ultrasound can potentially generate therapeutic effects on living cells, and it can trigger sonoporation when microbubbles (MBs) are present to facilitate drug delivery. Yet, our foundational knowledge of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and sonoporation remains to be critically weak because the pertinent cellular bioeffects have not been rigorously studied. In this article, we present a population-based experimental protocol that can effectively foster investigations on the mechanistic bioeffects of LIPUS and sonoporation over a cell population. Walkthroughs of different methodological details are presented, including the fabrication of the ultrasound exposure platform and its calibration, as well as the design of a bioassay procedure that uses fluorescent tracers and flow cytometry to isolate sonicated cells with similar characteristics. An application example is also presented to illustrate how our protocol can be used to investigate the downstream cellular bioeffects of leukemia cells. We show that, with 1-MHz LIPUS exposure (with 29.1 J/cm2 delivered acoustic energy density), variations in viability and morphology would be found among different types of sonicated leukemia cells (HL-60, Molt-4) in the absence and presence of MBs. Taken altogether, this article provides a reference on how cellular bioeffect experiments on LIPUS and sonoporation can be planned meticulously to acquire strong observations that are critical to establish the biological foundations for therapeutic applications.

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Soymilk on Isoflavone Metabolites and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Excretion and Their Modulating Effects on Gut Microbiota.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain ASCC 1520 with high soy isoflavone transformation ability was used to ferment soymilk and added to the diet of mice. The impact of L. rhamnosus fermentation on soy isoflavone metabolites and intestinal bacterial community, in conjunction with fecal enzyme activity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion was evaluated. Antibiotics intervention resulted in a decrease in fecal enzyme activities and SCFA. Although long-term intake of soymilk or L. rhamnosus-fermented soymilk did not affect the fecal ß-glucuronidase and ß-galactosidase activities, it improved the ß-glucosidase activity when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Soymilk or fermented soymilk administration increased the isoflavone metabolites (O-DMA and equol) excreted in urine. Antibiotics decreased the daidzein excretion and its metabolites but showed little effect on glycitein and genistein excretion. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the 16s rRNA gene sequencing data found a remarkable shift in gut microbiota after soymilk administration and antibiotics treatment. Matastats test of the relative abundance of bacterial taxa revealed Odoribacter (Bacteroidales family), Lactobacillus (Lactobacillales order), and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae family) were enriched in soymilk while bacterial taxa from Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were enriched in L. rhamnosus-fermented soymilk. Furthermore, there was less decrease in bacterial taxa with fermented soymilk group even when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Overall, this study revealed that the gut microbiota of a healthy host is enough for the whole isoflavone metabolism under normal conditions. Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus-fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus-fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used.

Polysaccharides extracted from Phellinus linteus ameliorate high-fat high-fructose diet induced insulin resistance in mice.

Phellinus linteus polysaccharide (PLP) has hypoglycemic effects, but mechanisms remain unclear. Male C57BL/6 J mice were either fed a normal diet (CON) or a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFD) for 16 weeks, and starting from week 12, HFD-fed animals in PLP group were orally given PLP. PLP administration significantly reduced fasting blood glucose level and ameliorated glucose intolerance. Differentially expressed genes involved in FOXO signaling pathway and in vitamin B12 (VB12) transport were identified between HFD and PLP group. HFD decreased the phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio and S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosyl homocysteine ratio, which were recovered by PLP treatment. Plasma VB12 levels in HFD group was lower than CON or PLP group, and PLP stimulated the proliferation of gut bacteria in genus Porphyromonas with capability of VB12 synthesis. In conclusion, PLP administration improved insulin resistance via modifying hepatic phospholipids metabolism and rescuing insulin signaling transduction.

Knee Imaging Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: The Surgeon's and Radiologist's Perspectives.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common injuries that if left untreated can result in chronic instability, cartilage damage, meniscal tears, and ligamentous injuries, eventually leading to early osteoarthritis. ACL reconstruction surgeries are therefore increasingly being performed. Despite the fact that most patients achieve excellent postoperative results, patients can present with recurrent instability and pain. These patients often undergo imaging with radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or computed tomography. An understanding of the imaging appearance of the normal ACL reconstruction and common causes of failure is therefore essential for the interpreting radiologist. This article reviews surgical techniques for ACL reconstruction, highlighting recent technical advances, the normal imaging appearance after ACL reconstruction, etiologies for reconstruction failure, and the diagnosis of these with the aid of imaging.

Satisfaction, preference and error occurrence of three dry powder inhalers as assessed by a cohort naïve to inhaler operation.

Background: Inhaled medication is central to the treatment of COPD. Various types of inhaler devices, which directly deliver medication to the lung, have been developed. However, patients often exhibit incorrect techniques of inhaler usage. Effectiveness of therapy may be affected by the ease of device usage, size, convenience of use, durability, clarity of instructions and device preferences of patients. This study compares the satisfaction and preference, as well as error occurrence, with the use of Genuair®, Ellipta™ and Breezhaler™ by healthy subjects in Hong Kong. Subjects and methods: One hundred and thirty healthy Hong Kong Chinese subjects aged ≥40 years without a previous diagnosis of COPD and asthma and with no experience of using dry powder inhalers (DPIs) were recruited. Subjects learned to use the three DPIs by initially reading the instructions and then observing a demonstration with verbal explanation. The number of errors committed was evaluated. Subjects also completed a questionnaire to indicate their satisfaction and preference. Results: The satisfaction score of comfort for Breezhaler was significantly higher than that for Ellipta (p≤0.05), while the satisfaction score on confidence to have inhaled the entire dose was highest for Genuair compared with Ellipta (p≤0.0001) or Breezhaler (p≤0.05). The overall satisfaction score was significantly higher for Genuair than Ellipta (p≤0.05) or Breezhaler (p≤0.01). After reading the instructions, the highest number of subjects committing one or more critical errors was with Breezhaler (97) followed by Genuair (70) and then Ellipta (33). Demonstration reduced the number of critical errors made by subjects for each DPI to one third or lower. Conclusion: Breezhaler seemed to be more comfortable and easy to carry, but users made less critical errors when using Ellipta after reading the instructions only. Genuair provided the clearest indication of correct dose preparation and inhalation.

Comparative proteomic analysis of fibrotic liver of rats fed high fat diet contained lard versus corn oil.

INTRODUCTION: The influences of dietary fatty acids on the progress of chronic liver diseases have attracted lots of attentions, but the mechanisms of the effects of lipids rich in saturated fatty acids or PUFAs on hepatic fibrogenesis remain unclear. METHODS: Female Fischer 344 rats were fed normal chow or chow plus 20% (w/w) of corn oil or lard, respectively, and injected CCl4 twice a week for 4 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. Masson's staining was adopted to illustrate the fibrosis level. The mRNA expression level of α-SMA and the DNA methylation level of its promoter region were analyzed. A 2-DE gel based proteomic approach was constructed to investigate the differential expression level of hepatic proteome between three diet groups. RESULTS: Histological evaluations and α-SMA expression analysis illustrated the high corn oil intake has no effects on hepatic fibrogenesis, but lard intake aggravated liver fibrosis, partly attributed to DNA demethylation of α-SMA promoter region. 2-DE Gel based proteomic study demonstrated excessive lard consumption elevated the expression of fibrosis related alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor, and endoplasmic reticulum stress related proteins such as heat shock cognate 71 kDa, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 and protein disulfide isomerase associated 3. Moreover, unlike corn oil rich in PUFAs, lard had no effects to elevate the expression of glutathione S-transferases, but decreased the expression of iron store related proteins heme binding protein 1 and ferritin. CONCLUSIONS: Lard intake aggravates CCl4 induced liver fibrosis via enhancing the expression of fibrogenesis and ER stress related proteins, and disturbing the hepatic transmethylation reaction.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Stimulates Postresection Intestinal Adaptation in Preterm Pigs by Affecting Proteins Related to Protein, Carbohydrate, and Sulphur Metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Exogenous glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) stimulates intestinal adaptation after resection in animal models of pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS). It is unknown whether the molecular mechanisms of such GLP-2 effects are similar to those of postresection spontaneous adaptation. Using preterm pigs as a model, we hypothesized that GLP-2 treatment would change the intestinal proteome within the first week after resection, relative to individuals not resected or resected without GLP-2 treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-day-old preterm pigs were subjected to resection of 50% distal small intestine and fed total parenteral nutrition without (SBS) or with GLP-2 infusion (3.5 µg/kg/h, SBS+GLP-2) for 5 days. The proteome of the remnant proximal intestine was compared among the SBS, SBS+GLP-2, and unresected pigs, through gel-based proteomics. RESULTS: Thirty-two proteins with differential expression were identified. Ten of these proteins were affected by the resection alone (ie, SBS vs unresected pigs). Five of these resection-responsive proteins and another 22 proteins were affected by GLP-2 infusion (ie, SBS+GLP-2 vs SBS or unresected pigs). Resection alone mainly affected cellular structural proteins, while the added GLP-2 treatment affected proteins involved in protein processing and the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and sulphur. CONCLUSION: In the first days following resection, proteins affected by resection plus GLP-2 treatment differed markedly from those affected by the spontaneous intestinal adaptation following resection alone. Whether more long-term GLP-2 treatment may affect the intestinal proteome following intestinal resection remains unknown.

Oxidative Stress Alters the Morphological Responses of Myoblasts to Single-Site Membrane Photoporation.

The responses of single cells to plasma membrane damage is critical to cell survival under adverse conditions and to many transfection protocols in genetic engineering. While the post-damage molecular responses have been much studied, the holistic morphological changes of damaged cells have received less attention. Here we document the post-damage morphological changes of the C2C12 myoblast cell bodies and nuclei after femtosecond laser photoporation targeted at the plasma membrane. One adverse environmental condition, namely oxidative stress, was also studied to investigate whether external environmental threats could affect the cellular responses to plasma membrane damage. The 3D characteristics data showed that in normal conditions, the cell bodies underwent significant shrinkage after single-site laser photoporation on the plasma membrane. However for the cells bearing hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress beforehand, the cell bodies showed significant swelling after laser photoporation. The post-damage morphological changes of single cells were more obvious after chronic oxidative exposure than that after acute ones. Interestingly, in both conditions, the 2D projection of nucleus apparently shrank after laser photoporation and distanced itself from the damage site. Our results suggest that the cells may experience significant multi-dimensional biophysical changes after single-site plasma membrane damage. These post-damage responses could be dramatically affected by oxidative stress.

Diffuse thyroid metastases and bilateral internal jugular vein tumor thrombus from renal cell cancer.

Renal cell cancer rarely metastasizes to the thyroid gland, and it has been reported to present as a solitary mass. We present a case of diffuse thyroid cancer metastases from renal cell cancer. Bilateral internal jugular vein tumor thrombi were also present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of diffuse thyroid metastases from renal cell cancer in the English literature. Renal cell cancer metastases should be considered in the differential of thyroid imaging abnormalities arising in the setting of known renal cell carcinoma, particularly late in the course of disease. This is frequently associated with internal jugular vein thrombi, which should be evaluated with an abnormal thyroid. Thyroglobulin levels are usually normal in such patients.

Malignant Transformation of an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst to Fibroblastic Osteosarcoma.

Aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon primary bone tumors typically regarded as histologically and clinically benign. Malignant transformation of these lesions occurs almost exclusively in the context of prior radiation exposure. However, 4 cases of an osteosarcoma developing without prior radiation exposure have been reported. In this article, we report a fifth case of degeneration of an aneurysmal bone cyst to a fibroblastic osteosarcoma. In addition to reviewing the earlier cases, we describe the radiologic, pathologic, and immunohistochemical basis of this diagnosis.